Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh is a state in central India known for its rich cultural heritage, natural beauty, and abundant mineral resources. Formed on November 1, 2000, after its separation from Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh has quickly developed its own identity as a state with a unique blend of history, culture, and natural wonders.

1. History

Ancient Period: The region now known as Chhattisgarh has a history dating back thousands of years. It was part of the ancient Dakshina Kosala kingdom and finds mention in various ancient Indian texts, including the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. The region was influenced by several empires, including the Mauryas, Satavahanas, and Guptas.
Medieval Period: During the medieval period, Chhattisgarh was ruled by several local dynasties such as the Kalachuri kings of Ratanpur and the Haihaya dynasty. The region maintained its independence for a significant period but was eventually brought under the control of the Marathas in the 18th century.
Colonial Period: In the 19th century, Chhattisgarh came under British rule as part of the Central Provinces and Berar. The region experienced several tribal revolts against British authority, with the rebellion of Veer Narayan Singh being one of the most notable.
Post-Independence: After India gained independence in 1947, Chhattisgarh remained a part of Madhya Pradesh until 2000, when it was carved out to become the 26th state of India to recognize its distinct cultural and socio-economic characteristics.

2. Landscape and Area

Area: Chhattisgarh is the 9th largest state in India, covering an area of about 135,194 square kilometers.
Landscape: The state features a diverse landscape, comprising dense forests, mountain ranges, and fertile plains. It is part of the Deccan plateau and features some of the most extensive forest covers in India, which constitutes about 44% of the state’s geographical area. The Mahanadi, Indravati, and Godavari are the major rivers flowing through the state, enriching its alluvial plains.

3. Climatic Conditions

Climate: Chhattisgarh experiences a tropical climate with three distinct seasons:
- Summer (March to June): Summers are typically hot, with temperatures ranging from 30°C to 45°C (86°F to 113°F).
- Monsoon (July to September): The state receives moderate to heavy rainfall during the southwest monsoon, with average annual rainfall ranging between 1,300 to 1,600 mm.
- Winter (October to February): Winters are mild and pleasant, with temperatures ranging from 10°C to 25°C (50°F to 77°F).

4. Historical Places

Chitrakote Falls: Often referred to as the “Niagara Falls of India,” this is the widest waterfall in India, located on the Indravati River in Bastar district.
Kanger Valley National Park: A biodiversity hotspot, this park is known for its unique flora, fauna, and limestone caves, such as the Kotumsar Cave and Kailash Cave.
Sirpur: An ancient town of historical and archaeological significance, known for its ancient temples and Buddhist monuments dating back to the 6th to 10th centuries.
Bhoramdeo Temple: A complex of Hindu temples built between the 7th and 11th centuries, often compared to the Khajuraho temples of Madhya Pradesh.
Rajim: Known as the “Prayag of Chhattisgarh,” it is famous for its temples and the Rajim Kumbh Mela, a major Hindu religious festival.

5. Festivals

Bastar Dussehra: A unique celebration of Dussehra that lasts for 75 days, the longest in India, highlighting the tribal culture and rituals of the Bastar region.
Madai Festival: Celebrated by the Gond tribe, this festival is a showcase of tribal customs, dances, and rituals dedicated to local deities.
Rajim Kumbh Mela: A significant Hindu pilgrimage event held at the confluence of three rivers, attracting devotees from across India.
Teeja and Hareli: Traditional festivals celebrated with much fervor, particularly in rural areas, focusing on agricultural rites and the worship of deities for good harvests.

6. Environment and Society

Biodiversity: Chhattisgarh is known for its rich biodiversity, with vast tracts of forest that are home to various species of flora and fauna. The state has several wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, including the Indravati National Park and the Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve.
Tribal Culture: The state has a significant tribal population, comprising about 30% of its total population. Major tribes include the Gonds, Baigas, and Halbas. Tribal communities have a profound influence on the state’s culture, with their unique traditions, dances, and festivals.
Economy: Chhattisgarh is rich in mineral resources, particularly coal, iron ore, and bauxite, making it one of India’s leading mineral-producing states. Agriculture is another primary occupation, with rice being the main crop.

7. Interesting and Hidden Facts

Land of Waterfalls: Chhattisgarh is often called the “Land of Waterfalls” due to the numerous waterfalls that adorn its landscape, such as Chitrakote, Tirathgarh, and Amrit Dhara.
Rich in Tribal Heritage: The state has a rich tribal heritage, with a significant portion of its population belonging to Scheduled Tribes. The Bastar region is particularly known for its vibrant tribal culture.
Largest Producer of Tendu Leaves: Chhattisgarh is one of the largest producers of tendu leaves in India, which are used for rolling beedis, a traditional Indian cigarette.
Unique Dussehra Celebration: The Bastar Dussehra is unique in that it is not centered around the traditional story of Ramayana but rather involves local deities and customs, reflecting the syncretic nature of Indian culture.
Cave Riches: The state is home to some of the longest and deepest caves in India, including the Kutumsar and Dandak caves, known for their geological formations and biodiversity.